PHILOSOPHY OF TESTIMONY

  PHILOSOPHY  OF  TESTIMONY  

ENHANCE THE LEARNING, PERCEPTION AND HUMAN UNDERSTANDING

  ENHANCE THE LEARNING, PERCEPTION AND HUMAN UNDERSTANDING  

WHAT is Learning?

Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals, and some machines; there is also evidence for some kind of learning in certain plants. Some learning is immediate, induced by a single, but much skill and knowledge accumulate from repeated experiences. The changes induced by learning often last a lifetime, and it is hard to distinguish learned material that seems to be "lost" from that which cannot be retrieved.

 HOW THE HUMAN BRAIN LEARNS?

Learning is a complicated practice. Several thousand years ago, the primary obligation of the human brain was to figure out how to find food, avoid getting eaten by a predator (including finding a safe place to sleep), and find a mate. Now, in addition to those basic human functions, our brains are inundated with other facts and tasks that need to be learned.

The brain is composed of a trillion cells of at least two known types, nerve cells (neurons) and glial M cells. Each brain neuron is about one hundredth of the size of the period at the end of this sentence. Even though most of the neurons where information is stored are present at birth, there is lifelong growth of the support and connecting cells that enrich the communication between neurons. 

Dendrites are tree like extensions (dendrite actually comes from the Greek word meaning treelike) that protrude from a neuron and receive information from other neurons and transmit information to other neurons along axons. Each neuron can have up to 10,000 branches, dendrites, emerging from its core but only one axon. 

New dendrites grow as branches from frequently activated neurons. Once these dendrites are formed, the brain’s plasticity allows it to reshape and reorganize the networks of dendrite-neuron connections in response to increased or decreased use of these pathways. Axons are surrounded by a fatty layer of tissue called the myelin sheath which helps speed up the neural impulses between neuron. Practice, in a variety of formats, helps fatten up the myelin sheath, which strengthens the connections between neurons in different area of our brain and helps those neurons perform in unison. A Practice also helps grow and thicken the dendrites. 

Impulses are sent between neurons from the axon’s terminal buttons by shooting neurotransmitters across the synapse. Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals like dopamine, amino acids serotonin, and tryptophan carries information across the space separating the axon extensions of one neuron, from the dendrite that leads to the next neuron on the pathway. Forming and strengthening the connections between the neurons in our brain is the foundation of learning. The next brain lesson will introduce other concepts to help you understand and take charge of your learning process.

 A NEW LOOK AT LEARNING

There is a new understanding of how learning occurs, and it contradicts what most students believe happens when they learn. Students must be aware of new discoveries in order to optimize their learning skills.

•  Neuroscience research shows that when you learn something new, there is a physical change in your brain. Some of your brain cells establish connections with other brain cells to form new networks of cells, which represent the new learning that has taken place.
•   Every time you use or practice newly learned information or skills, the connections between the brain cells get stronger and your ability to recall the information becomes faster. This is called long-term potentiation.
•  The important message for all learners is that new learning requires a considerable amount of practice and a meaningful connection to other information in order to become a permanent part of memory.
•  Neuroscience research has also found that to form lasting memories, practice needs to happen over extended periods. Psychologists call this the distributed practice effect.
•  Cramming is not learning. A day or two of cramming is not nearly enough time for the brain to form the permanent memories necessary to meet the neuroscience definition of learning.
•  You can demonstrate learning by using new information to help you learn similar new information or by applying it to problems beyond those you have been doing in class. Psychologists call this transference.
•  The human brain is constantly looking for connections to prior knowledge. These connections link previously learned material to new material, creating a more meaningful understanding of the new material.
•  The message from neuroscience researchers is simple: “The one who does the work does the learning”. Only when you practice, read, write, think, talk, collaborate, and reflect does your brain make permanent connections. Your teachers cannot do this for you.

Logic and understanding the basic features of Arguments.

   ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT   

Philosophy of Science

 PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 

What is the Philosophy of Science?
  Philosophy of science is a branch of  philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science, that reflects on and critically analyzes science. As a discipline, it tries to understand the aim and methods of science, along with its principles, practices, and achievement.  

  Then what is science, Any system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena that involves unbiased observations and methodical experimentation is referred as science.

A science, in general, is the pursuit of knowledge that encompasses broad facts or the operations of fundamental laws. Depending on the area of study, science can be separated into various disciplines. physical science, biological science, and so on

   Is philosophy more important than science? This is  problematic. Without philosophy, science, particularly physics, would be unable to exist. Take a look at some of the most important philosophical questions: What exactly are we? What brought us here? What exactly is existence? What's the matter? What is the concept of time? Without the use of science, none of these questions can be answered. Through evolution, science can help explain how we – humans — got here. Science can also assist in the explanation of cognition, while it is yet unable to do so for consciousness. If a philosophical literature uses faulty science, it cannot be considered seriously. The rules of philosophy cannot be bent. As a result, in philosophy, a strong scientific argument is required.

The term "philosophy" literally means "love of wisdom." Philosophy, in its classic terms, is an activity in which individuals strive to understand the fundamental truths about themselves, the world in which they live, and their relationships to the world and to one another. The philosophy of each academic area is very similar. Philosophers are always asking, answering, and arguing for their positions on life's most fundamental problems. Academic philosophy is separated into different areas of study to make such a study more systematic. Quite literally, philosophy is the study of knowledge, or "thinking about thinking"

Philosophy is concerned with fundamental questions. But what are the precise questions that philosophy addresses? Here's an example of a standard classification:

•         Logic- The study, critical analysis, and intellectual reflection on issues in logic is known as logic philosophy. Philosophical logic is thought to be separate from this field.

 

•        Metaphysics- Metaphysicians investigate what kinds of entities exist, what the world and its constituents are formed of, and how objects or events may cause or explain one another and also it  investigates the basic nature of reality, including the interconnections between mind and matter, substance and attribute, and potentiality and reality.

•        Epistemology- It analyses the nature, origins, and scope of knowledge, as well as epistemic justification, belief rationality, and other related topics.

•       Ethics-  The term "ethics" or "moral philosophy" "Systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior" is a branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and promoting the concepts of right and wrong action.

• Aesthetics- It is concerned with the nature of art, beauty, and good taste, as well as its appreciation."Critical reflection on art, culture, and nature" is another definition. The word "aesthetics" comes from the Greek "aisthetikos," which means "perception of senses."

     Apart from this we can consider about Philosophical Methods,

The study of how to approach philosophy is known as a philosophical method. Philosophers often hold the opinion that philosophy is defined by the methods philosophers use to answer philosophical questions. Philosophers don't just choose one approach to answer philosophical questions. They use such approaches, Questioning, Critical Discussion, Rational Argument, Systematic Presentation.

    Through its demands on intellectual effort, philosophy provides a significant contribution to the educational process. Philosophical education entails becoming aware of major figures and developments in philosophy's history, as well as understanding current approaches and acceptable responses to philosophical concerns, And gaining analytical, interpretative, and evaluative abilities that, in the grand scheme of things, may be the most valuable. Philosophy helps us improve our problem-solving abilities, communication skills, persuasive abilities, and writing abilities.

  In conclusion, We’ve contrasted philosophy with other fields. We’ve looked at the branches of philosophy. And we’ve looked at the purposes or benefits of philosophy. But what is philosophy, really? Given everything we’ve said so far, we can provide at least a partial definition of ‘philosophy’ as follows: A largely (but not exclusively) non-empirical inquiry that attempts to identify and answer fundamental questions about the world, including about what’s valuable and invaluable.

  You've probably realized that philosophy is critical for solving difficulties like the ones stated above, for gaining a deeper knowledge of the meaning of words, for comprehending others' sentiments, and for making the best judgments in life. Finally,  finally I suggest doing a significant study of philosophy.

 

"The philosophy of science is inherent in the process. This is to say, you think critically, you draw a conclusion based on evidence, but we all pursue discovery based on our observations. That's where science starts." 

                           ~ Bill Nye