IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 

 Philosophy of Science   is a branch of philosophy concerned with science's principles, methods, and implications. The studies' fundamental topics include what counts as science, how reliable scientific hypotheses are, and what research's ultimate goal is. Metaphysics, ontology, and epistemology all overlap in this field, When it examines the link between science and truth, for example. The metaphysical, epistemological, and semantic components of science are the subject of scientific philosophy. Bioethics and scientific misconduct are examples of ethical issues that are generally classified as ethics or scientific studies rather than philosophy of science.

  The Branches of philosophy  - Metaphysics, epistemology, politics, ethics, and aesthetics are the five most notable. They're all intrinsically linked. The term philosophy literally means "love of wisdom." It is the study of knowledge, or "thinking about thought," though its various branches encompass a wide range of topics.

Metaphysics  - The study of the fundamental principles of being, identity and change, space and time, causation, necessity, and possibility is known as metaphysics. It addresses issues such as the nature of consciousness and the mind-matter interaction.

Epistemology - The branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge is epistemology. Epistemologists research the nature, origins, and scope of knowledge, as well as epistemic justification, belief rationality, and other related topics. Epistemology, along with other main subfields such as ethics, logic, and metaphysics, is considered a key subfield of philosophy.

Politics - Political philosophy is a discipline of philosophy concerned with the concepts and reasoning that underpin political thought at the most abstract level. One of the major issues in political philosophy is the definition of the term "political." In general, however, any actions and institutions relating to governance can be classified as political.

Ethics - The area of philosophy known as ethics, or moral philosophy, "involves systematizing, defending, and endorsing conceptions of good and bad action." Ethics, like aesthetics, is concerned with considerations of worth; together, these fields make up the area of philosophy known as axiology.Good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime are all terms used in ethics to define ideas such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime. Moral philosophy is related to moral psychology, descriptive ethics, and value theory as topics of intellectual investigation.

Aesthetics - Aesthetics is the philosophical study of beauty and taste, often spelled esthetics. It is closely related to art, philosophy, which is concerned with the essence of art and the concepts used to understand and assess individual works of art.

Importance of philosophy

Philosophy is important because everybody has a worldview that they either know explicitly or just use implicitly. To the degree that it’s implicit, the view controls them. Philosophy enables one to look critically at one’s worldview and become aware of others. This is part of being an authentic person.

  Here are ten reasons why philosophy matters: 

1. Philosophy asks the important questions

2. Philosophy helps with critical thinking and reason

3. Philosophy helps guide the research process

4. Philosophy teaches persuasiveness

5. Philosophy teaches problem-solving

6. Philosophy can be applied to every discipline

7. Philosophy forms a good foundation for a variety of careers

8. Philosophy helps you sort through your own beliefs

9. Philosophical  influences the world today

10. Philosophy can fuel change and progress

Why study philosophy?

Philosophy makes a central contribution to the educational enterprise through its demands upon intellectual activity.The study of philosophy helps us to enhance our ability to solve problems, our communication skills, our persuasive powers, and our writing skills. Below is a description of how philosophy helps us develop these various important skills.

• General Problem Solving Skills
• Communication Skills
• Persuasive Powers
• Writing Skills
• Understanding Other Disciplines
• Development of Sound Methods of Research and Analysis

Among the things that people educated in philosophy can do are the following. They can do research on a variety of subjects. They can get information and organize it. They can write clearly and effectively. They can communicate well, usually both orally and in writing. They can generate ideas on many different sorts of problems. They can formulate and solve problems. They can elicit hidden assumptions and articulate overlooked alternatives. They can persuade people to take unfamiliar views or novel options seriously. They can summarize complicated materials without undue simplification. They can integrate diverse data and construct useful analogies. They can distinguish the subtle differences without overlooking similarities. They can also adapt to change, a capacity of growing importance in the light of rapid advances in so many fields. And well educated philosophers can usually teach what they know to others. This ability is especially valuable at a time when training and retraining are so often required by rapid technological changes.

Scientific Inquiry of Carl Hempel

  SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY  

Scientific Inquiry of Carl Hempel. The process of scientific discovery often involves formulating hypotheses, testing predictions, and an interdisciplinary search in the real world. A scientific inquiry carries on several assumptions and testing to get the invention of scientific discovery. Thus, the writer tries to say that one should formulate a good hypothesis, test the possible conditions and reach the conclusion through a rigorous scientific inquiry.

 LITERAL COMPREHENSION

A Hungarian physician and a German writer Carl G. Hempel Semmelweis is the writer of this essay. When his friend had a problem that more women in the First Maternity Division of the Vienna General Hospital, died from childbed fever that in the Second Maternity Division of the hospital. Though he took many new ideas and tested them to solve the problem there was no control in death. First, it was supposed that childbed fever was caused by epidemic influences. When an epidemic, cholera widespread, it was not limited to the First Division without affecting the Second division, the city of Vienna and the mothers who were admitted to the First Division after delivering the babies on the way. The second idea was that overcrowding in the First Division was the cause of a higher death rate.The Patients avoided the First Division and the Second Division was more crowded because of the high death rate in the First Division. As diet and the care of the patients in both divisions were the same, another idea was that in the First Division. It was a rough examination of patients by medical students were injured enough to cause childbed fever. But Semmelweis showed that natural birth process was more injurious, that in the Second Division midwives examined the patients equally roughly, and that after reducing the number of medical students and their examination the death rate was not still reduced. After an accident, Semmelweis concluded that foul material from the dead body was responsible for childbed fever, and after washing hands with the chemicals before examining the patients decreased the death rate. Later Semmelweis also concluded that the dirty matter from the living beings caused childbed fever in the hospital. Therefore, proper hand washing was necessary there in the hospital.